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benefit形容詞范文1
關鍵詞:漢英互譯 詞類轉換 翻譯技巧
中圖分類號:H315.9 文獻標識碼: A 文章編號:1672-1578(2012)01-0025-01
語言學家曾指出:“在一種語言中某些事物可以用動詞表示,然而在另外一種語言中居然可以用形容詞、副詞表示”。英漢分屬兩個不同語系,譯文帶有外國腔的根本原因在于沒有掌握詞類轉換及句子成分轉換方法。比如英語中多名詞,而漢語中多用動詞等,因此,實際翻譯時應采用詞性轉換,突破原句格局,使譯文更加通順,更符合目的語的表達習慣。例如:The earth acts like a big magnet,如果不運用轉換法,可能會譯為:地球象一塊大磁鐵發生作用。但如果采用詞類轉換,就該譯為:地球的作用象一塊大磁鐵。后者將名詞earth譯為漢語中的形容詞,動詞act譯成漢語的名詞。兩句譯文孰優孰劣,自然明了。當然,在翻譯時,并非每句都需要轉換詞類和句子成分,但實踐證明,在實際翻譯中多數情況下還是需要進行詞性轉換的。
1 漢語動詞與英語名詞的轉換
漢語句子的最大特點是通過大量動詞的集結和動詞的頻繁使用,來表達一個思想。往往一個短句中,集中應用了多個動詞;英語則不然,英語中有很多情況都是運用抽象名詞,抽象名詞的使用是現代英語的一大特點,也是英漢兩種語言的主要區別之一。因此,在翻譯時,要注意兩種語言的差異。例如:
(1)他們興高采烈地慶祝贏得了比賽的勝利 They are wild with joy in the celebration of their winning the match;
(2)他被解雇了,這讓我們大家都很驚訝 His dismissal was a great surprise to us all;
(3)學習一門外語是很辛苦的The study of a foreign language is not a cushy job;
(4)他酷愛漢語言文學 He is an ardent lover of Chinese literature。
同樣,在英譯漢時也要考慮到兩種語言的具體特點,即,英語喜歡用抽象名詞,而漢語則喜歡表達得比較具體,注意到這一點,我們往往在翻譯時,就能做得比較合理。例如下面這些英語短語都可以運用較為具體的漢語進行對譯:ardent loyalty 赤膽忠心;total exhaustion 筋疲力盡;perfect harmony 水融;feed on fances 畫餅充饑; with great eagerness 如饑似渴;await with great anxiety 望穿秋水;make a little contribution 添磚加瓦;on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕,等等。
2 漢語動詞與英語介詞、副詞的轉換
英語句子的另一個特點是大量使用介詞,相當于漢語中的動詞。介詞在英語詞匯中所占比重很小,但是其使用頻率較高,如應用得當,往往會起到凝練、傳神的表達效果。
(1)因為生詞太多,我理解不了這篇課文 With too many new words in it, the text is beyond me;
(2)比賽結果是3:1,我們球隊贏了 The score was 3 to 1 in favor of our team;
(3)我經常開車接送妻子上下班 I often drive my wife to and from work.;
(4)經仔細研究,我們發現這個設計落后了 After careful investigation we found the design behind.
3 漢語動詞與英語形容詞的轉換
漢語中的一些表知覺、欲望、情感、想法等心理狀態的動詞,常可轉換為英語中的形容詞(多為“be+形容詞”結構)。例如:
(1)如果我們忽略這個事實,我們就不可能解決問題 If we were ignorant of the fact, it would be impossible for us to solve the problem.;
(2)若接受我方條款,請發電子郵件方便我方確認 If you find our terms are acceptable, please email us for our confirmation;
(3)這批貨的實際重量與發票重量相差8噸 The actual weight of this consignment is 8 tons less than the invoiced weight;
(4)機器人一旦超過我們,就能自行設計了 Once the robots exceed us, they will be capable of their own design.
4 漢語形容詞與英語名詞的轉換
漢語中的形容詞常轉換為英語的名詞。例如:
(1)獨立思考在學習中是絕對必要的 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in learning;
(2)他對這部機器的操作是陌生的 He is a stranger to the operation of the machine;
(3)海邊既安全又溫暖,將有利于他養病 The security and warmth of the seaside will benefit his recovery;
(4)新的設計應該使地震頻繁發生的城市更為安全 The new designs will offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often occur.
5 其它詞性的轉換
英漢互譯時,還有很多詞性上的轉換,具體情況應根據翻譯的需要以達到譯文在目的語中的恰當與準確表達。請看下面例句:
(1)他當時并非情愿地當了一次翻譯 He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.(副詞轉換為形容詞);
(2)附近的建筑物大部分是現代化的 The buildings
around are mostly of modern construction(形容詞轉換為副詞);
benefit形容詞范文2
一、掌握各種時態的被動語態
動詞的被動語態是由動詞be加上過去分詞構成,時態通過be表現出來。
1.―G308_______________. I must be off now.
―Have a nice trip.
A. is being announced B. has announced C. was announcingD. had been announced
解析根據“I must be off now”以及句意,表明G308高鐵正在宣布,announce與G308之間表示動賓關系,所以用現在進行時的被動語態。故答案選A。
2.Nothing but some ancient Chinese coins ______________ in the sunken ship since they began the exploration.
A. were found B. has been found C. had been found D. have been found
解析此句是由since引導的時間狀語,主句通常要用現在完成時態,又因為find和nothing之間構成動賓關系,所以用現在完成時的被動語態。故答案選B。
二、注意短語動詞的被動語態
有些短語動詞相當于及物動詞,可以有被動語態,但短語動詞是一個不可分隔的整體,變為被動語態時不可去掉構成短語動詞中的介詞或副詞。
More attention should be paid_____________ Children’s education if possible.
A. to developingB. to developmentC. to develop D. for developing
解析pay attention to是及物的短語動詞,本句強調名詞attention,所以應用被動語態。to是介詞,后應接動名詞。故答案選A。
【注意】這類短語動詞主要有:make use of; pay attention to; find fault with; make much of(重視,充分利用; take advantage of; take care of; take note of(注意,留意); take notice of等。
三、“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成的被動語態
這種結構一般指動作的結果而非動作本身,常表示“狀態的改變”。
Had it not been for the fact that she______________ in the leg, she might have passed the exam.
A. injures B. had injured C. got injuredD. would have got injured
解析根據“she might have passed the exam”提示可知事情發生在過去,且是事實,所以用一般過去時;“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”這一結構常表示“狀態的改變”。故答案選C。
四、用主動形式表示被動意義
1.表示狀態特征的系動詞look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear常接形容詞或名詞作表語,只能用主動形式表示被動的含義。
The cause he had devoted himself to_____________ a perfect success
A. proving B. proved C. was proved D. has been proved
解析根據句法,“he had devoted himself to”是個定語從句,修飾前面的名詞cause,所以prove應在句中用作謂語動詞;prove是系動詞,只能用主動形式表示被動的含義。故答案選B。
2.表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞(如:read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, pack, act, draw, iron, dry, eat , heat , clean等)常與副詞well, smoothly, easily等連用時,說明主語內在的“性能”和“特點”,應用主動形式表示被動的含義。
Mobile phones of this kind_______________ well and ______________ already.
A. sell; sell outB. sell; have been sold out
C. sold; had sold outD. are sold; have been sold out
解析這種手機很好賣是說明主語內在的性能與特點,所以用主動形式表示被動含義;而句子的主語是Mobile phones,謂語動詞應用復數形式。正因為這種手機很好賣,對現在產生了結果,已經賣完了,所以第二空用現在完成時的被動語態。故答案選B。
3.need, want, require, stand, bear, deserve等詞后面常接主動的-ing分詞形式表示被動意義。
As a result of the serious earthquake, almost all the buildings in the area _____
A. need reconstructing B. needs to reconstruct C. needs reconstructingD. need to reconstruct
解析當句子的主語buildings是動作承受者時,need后接動詞-ing形式或者后接不定式的被動式。主語是almost all the buildings,所以謂語動詞應用復數形式。故答案選A。
4.動詞不定式在某些作表語的形容詞后,用主動形式表示被動含義。
當動詞不定式作表語形容詞(easy, difficult, hard , comfortable等)的狀語,又與句子的主語構成動賓關系時,動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。
In many people’s opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _______.
A. to deal withB. dealing withC. to be dealt withD. dealt with
解析在某些形容詞后常用不定式的主動形式表被動含義,此時,不定式動作和句子的主語存在動賓關系。故答案選A。
5.當動詞不定式作賓語補足語的形容詞(easy, difficult, hard等)的狀語,又與句子的賓語構成動賓關系時,動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。
We find the man hard to_______________.
A. to be pleased B. pleasing C. pleased D. please
解析當動詞不定式作賓語補足語的形容詞hard的狀語,又與句子的賓語構成動賓關系時,動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。故答案選D。
6.不定式作名詞或代詞的后置定語, 動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義
If there’s a lot of work_____________. I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.
A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing
解析用不定式表示將要做的事情,并且在there be句型中,如果be 后面的sth.要跟上不定式,要用主動形式表示被動含義,故答案選A。
7.在be worth doing結構中,用-ing分詞形式表示被動含義
―What do you think of the song?
―Oh, excellent. It’s well worth______________ a second time.
A. to listen toB. listeningC. listening toD. being listening to
解析be worth后接動名詞,并要用主動形式表示被動含義,it指代the song,作listen to的邏輯賓語。故答案選C。
8.不能用被動語態的動詞及動詞短語。如:cost, fit, suit, benefit, lack, happen to do sth, lastspread, belong to, break out, run out, go out, shut off, take place, work out, take place, lose heart, consist of。
We find the oil in the car_____________.
A. has been run out B. is run out C. has run out D. being run out
解析run out是不及物動詞,所以用主動形式表示被動含義;表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響,所以本句又要用現在完成時。故答案選C。
9.不定式to let, to seek, to blame (應受責備), to decide on用主動形式表示被動含義。
The greenhouse effect was partly_____________ for the global warming and the temperature changes are likely to have great effect on the spread of diseases.
A. to blame B. blame C. to be blamed D. blaming
解析“be to blame”表示按職責、義務要求要發生的動作,意為“應受譴責、應負責任”, 用主動形式表示被動含義。故答案選A。
鞏固性練習:從A、B、C、D中選擇最佳答案。
1.The 30th Olympic Games__________ in London from July 27 to August 12, 2012.
A. will be heldB. will be holdingC. are to held D. will hold
2.Many new workers ___trained and in half a year they _to build a new railway.
A. are being; will be sentB. are; will be sendingC. are; will send D. will be; will be sent
3.Not until he called the secretary three times_____________ that the manager went to an important meeting.
A. did he tell B. he toldC. was he toldD. he was told
4.The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) said a system___________to protect people's secrets on line.
A. would be developedB. has been developed C. was developedD. had been developed
5.I _______________ a book on fashion at the moment, and it_______ _______in the book that Europeans started to wear top hats in the early 1800s
A. read; is said B. am reading; is saying C. was reading; was saying D. am reading; says
6.It is reported in the papers that the old coins________________ under the earth for about 200 years by the time they were discovered.
A. had buried B. had been buried C. buried D. were buried
7.New technology_______________ to make sure that the cars, taxis, buses and trains we use______________ the air.
A. is used; not pollute B. has used; is not polluted
C. is being used; do not pollute D. has been used; to pollute
8.With the help of high technology, more than one oil fields_____________ in the last two decades.
A. were discovered B. have discoveredC. have been discoveredD. has been discovered
9.Many negative changes__________ in my home town since the global financial crisis_________.
A. have taken place; broke out B. took place; broke out
C. have been taken place; breaks outD. were taken place; breaks out
10.The fallen tree over there is so tall that I suppose it___________ nearly twenty meters.
benefit形容詞范文3
關鍵詞: 英語報刊 新聞 詞匯特點
報刊新聞是常見的實用文體之一。它用概括性的敘述方式,簡明扼要的文字,迅速及時地報道國內外具有新聞價值的新近發生的事實。英語報刊新聞,顧名思義,即以報刊作為載體形式的英語新聞。隨著不同文化之間的交流日益增多,英語報刊新聞在人們的交流中起著越來越重要的作用。它們語言鮮活、內容新穎、資料豐富、時代感強,兼有“工具性”和“人文性”的特點,有很高的語言和文化教學價值。對于英語學習者來說,其一定程度上彌補了英語教科書內容傳統和形式單一的不足。英語報刊新聞具有很多特點,本文將針對詞匯方面的特點加以詳細闡述,希望為英語報刊新聞閱讀者和英語學習者提供幫助。
1.指代
在英語報刊中,會借用各國首都等地名、著名建筑物名稱及政府首腦姓名,替代該國或其政府及機構;有時借用物名來表示某個意思,使新聞報道更活潑、更富有色彩,這是新聞的獨創。例如:
(1)And while all the noise coming from“hawks”and“doves”could give you a case of Fed fatigue.(CNN Money,April 12,2012).本例中的“hawks”and“doves”即“鷹派”和“鴿派”指代美國國內存在的兩種主要勢力,前者激進,后者保守。
(2)Labour backs calls to return railway network to public control(guardian.co.uk,June 30,2012).本例中,Labour(勞動力)指英國工黨(Labour Party)。
2.“說”詞眾多
在英語報刊新聞中,除了使用say表示“說”外,還有其他詞語。例如:admit,acknowledge,affirm,analyze,announce,argue,assert,claim,imply,insist,maintain,note,caution,stress,urge,warn等。這些詞雖然在表示“說”這個總的概念方面是一致的,但是在語義、情感和文體等方面存在一定的差異。例如:
(1)Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke has cautioned that the economy is growing too slowly to maintain recent declines in the unemployment rate.He has warned that hiring is likely to slow(Associated Press,April 12,2012).
(2)She stressed many of Bernanke’s recent points:the job market remains“far from full employment”.Yellen even hinted that if the economy were to take a turn for the worse(CNN Money,April 12,2012).
3.使用新詞
較多使用新詞是英語新聞的一大特點。新詞主要的特征就是新,來源廣泛,如:Google(使用搜索引擎查詢、收集信息等),cyber romance(網戀)等新詞。語言學家認為,現代英語詞匯的變化在很大程度上與新聞語言的影響有關。例如:
(1)So would switching from beef and pork,which have a high carbon foot print,to chicken or fish(guardian.co.uk,April 13,2012).近年來,人們越來越意識到減少碳排放對防止全球變暖的重要影響,新詞carbon foot print(碳足跡)隨之產生,用以衡量人類活動對環境的影響。
(2)But she’s not interested in paying for cellular service,which would probably be costlier than the $12 a month(The Washington Post,April 13,2012).手機,又稱蜂窩電話或移動電話,是一種十分普及的通訊方式。電信公司紛紛為用戶提供移動電話服務,cellular service這一新詞應運而生,并且已經為人們所熟知。新詞的使用分為以下幾種情況:
3.1舊詞生新義
舊詞衍生新義是現代英語詞匯變化的一個重要方面,是指賦予原本存在的詞語新的詞義,從而滿足日益增長的表達需要的一種構詞手段。根據單詞新義與其原義之間的關系,舊詞生新義有以下幾種情況:詞義擴大、詞義縮小、詞義轉化、詞義感彩的揚升或貶抑[1]。
(1)General Motors pulls funding from climate sceptic thinktank Heartland(guardian.co.uk,March 30,2012).Think(思考)和tank(箱,柜)兩個詞構成新詞――智囊團,智囊機構或顧問班子。
(2)Workers are required to wear clean suits would look like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory(Fortune,March 29,2012)、“Triangle Shirtwaist Factory”是紐約三角內衣工廠。1911年3月的火災,導致146名服裝工人被燒死或因被迫跳樓致死,因為當時管理人員為了防止一些工人趁換班時溜出去休息抽煙,將通向樓梯井和出口的門全部上鎖。這場火災敦促了立法――要求改善工廠安全標準,并且促進了國際婦女服裝工人聯合會的發展。在這則新聞中,是指富士康的工廠違法了眾多勞動法的規定,在員工健康和安全等方面存在眾多隱患。
3.2新事生新詞
(1)Meredith Alexander quit as a commissioner of the London 2012 sustainability watchdog to launch the Greenwash Gold campaign(guardian.co.uk,April 19,2012).漂綠(Greenwash),由“綠色”(green,象征環保)和“漂白”(whitewash)合成的一個新詞,指一家企業宣稱保護環境,實際上卻反其道而行,是一種虛假的環保宣傳。
(2)Earth Hour-climate change campaigners urge global switch-off(guardian.co.uk,March 26,2012).Earth(地球)和hour(小時)兩個詞――“地球1小時”,是世界自然基金會在2007年向全球發出的一項倡議:在每年3月份的最后一個星期六熄燈1小時,支持全球共同抵御氣候變暖行動。
3.3舊詞生新詞
舊詞生新詞通常帶有某些前綴,如:anti-(反對、阻止),cyber-(網絡的),geo-(地球的、全球的),hyper-(超出、過度),pro(親、贊成)等,或者帶有某些后綴,如:-free(無……的、免除……的),-ologist(……學者、學家)等。例如:
Albanese said:We have rigorous standards for air quality,ecosystems,biodiversity,climate change,the use of energy,land and water and waste disposal(guardian.co.uk,April 19,2012).“biodiversity”與“biological diversity”的意思是互通的,開始該詞泛指地球上所有動物、植物、真菌及微生物之物等。該詞于1986年首次出現,將“biological diversity”這一詞縮寫成一個更簡單的名詞。
4.模糊詞的使用
外延難以明確界定的詞或詞組通常被稱為模糊詞(fuzzy terms)。為了使報道遵循真實、客觀快捷的原則,為了省時或避免報道數字的不確切,就需要使用模糊語中的約數詞、模糊量詞等報道有關新聞事件的程度[2]。例如:
(1)After steadily declining since last fall,applications have leveled off in recent weeks.The four-week average is essentially unchanged over the past two months(Associated Press,April 12,2012).
(2)New research from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York shows that Americans 60 and older still owe about $36 billion in student loans,providing a rare window into the dynamics of student debt.More than 10 percent of those loans are delinquent(The Washington Post,March 30,2012).
5.使用形象化詞語
在報刊新聞中,為使主要事實更醒目,恰到好處地使用動詞、名詞和形容詞,能增強報道的新鮮感、現實感和直接感。例如:
(1)In Sweden’s second-largest city,Goteborg, the main boulevard was bathed in an hour’s darkness.(動詞)(The Associated Press,April 1,2012).“bathe”一詞意為suffuse with or as if with light,借助該動詞形容林蔭大道陷入一小時黑暗的情景,既形象立體化,又含義深刻。
(2)The Labor Department said Thursday that weekly unemployment benefit applications jumped 13,000 to a seasonally adjusted 380,000(Associated Press,April 12,2012).Jump一詞意為increase suddenly and significantly,借助該動詞說明美國申領失業救濟的人數猛增,使新聞報道更加生動。
(3)Unemployment rose in most of the member states,although the increase was muted in the north,and the number of jobless people actually fell in Germany.In the struggling southern states,it shot up(形容詞)(guardian.co.uk,April 2,2012).Struggling一詞意為engaged in a struggle to overcome especially poverty or obscurity,借助該形容詞說明美國申領失業救濟的人數猛增,使新聞報道更加生動。
以上只是從詞匯角度論述了英語報刊新聞的特點,了解這些特點對于閱讀和理解英語報刊新聞會起到一定的輔助作用。要想真正克服理解上的困難,還需要了解英語報刊新聞的語法和篇章特點,以及標題和導語的特點。同時,由于新聞內容涉及社會生活的各個方面,還需不斷擴大知識面。因此,在英語報刊新聞的教學中,教師要引導學生拓寬視野,豐富背景知識,同時關注英語報刊新聞的詞匯、語法和篇章特點,這樣才能真正理解英語報刊新聞,真正提高英語閱讀能力和綜合應用能力。
參考文獻:
benefit形容詞范文4
[Key Words] advertising English; fuzziness; semantic and rhetorical analysis
【摘 要】 廣告業被認為是一條通過耗盡人類智慧賺取錢財的科學之道。很明顯,廣告在今天的商業世界已發揮著舉足輕重的作用。廣告語言能否具有誘惑力和說服力已成為關注的焦點。因此對英語廣告語言系統、全面地研究,可以提高對廣告的理解,構想出成功的英語廣告。論文在簡短地對廣告,廣告語言,模糊性和模糊理論進行介紹之后,主要對以下兩種模糊實現形式進行分析。一、語義模糊。這一類廣告通過使用模糊限制詞、模糊數量詞、模糊動詞、修飾性形容詞以及符號和縮略語等具備模糊性的語言來突破日常行為的規范,使詞語在表達字面意義的同時又暗示其多重含義,形成詞語含義的未定性,激發了讀者的聯想和想象,吸引他們的注意并提起他們的興趣,從而對廣告本身的說服力起增強作用。二、修辭格(雙關、暗喻、委婉語)的使用,使廣告語言更具生動,引發讀者無限的想象和聯想。最后結論部分中,論文對主要概念和內容做出了總結,提出了全文的局限性。
【關鍵字】 廣告英語;模糊性;語義和修辭分析
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of the world economy and globalization, advertising has played a vital role in promoting sales, providing services and building images. Based on the fact that China remains lagging behind the west in both physical attraction and persuasiveness in advertising, thorough and theoretical studies on the language of advertising have become an urgent need.
In our daily life, fuzzy language has been employed in communication on various occasions’ negotiation and public speaking. Though many linguists have been exploring fuzzy theory and fuzzy linguistics heavily, the understanding of fuzziness hasn’t been satisfactory and perfect. As a not well-established register, advertising English has its unique features compared with English for other purposes. Fuzziness function in advertising English plays a positive role in human communication.
Through linguistic realizations of fuzziness in advertising English from semantic angle to rhetorical devices in the text, the purpose of the paper is to make people equip with a better manipulation of fuzzy advertising, so as to prepare them for producing more successful advertisements, then arousing people’s interest in ads, stimulating people’s needs of consumption, and enticing people to make purchase in products.
2. General ideas of advertising and its language
What is advertising? What does advertising originate from? Why does it come into being? What is its language like? The following is going to explain them.
2.1 The definition and development of advertising
In etymological studies, the word “advertise” in Middle English is spelt as “advertisen” meaning “to notify” and in old French as “advertir” or “advertises”. We find two records have the same explanation of “to notice”. Further studies rooted out its origin in Latin as “advertere”, meaning “a means used to draw attention from the public to something and lead them to some direction”. [1] Nowadays, the scholars from different countries hold different opinions about the explanation of advertising, but remaining the similar meaning basically. An explanation is widely accepted by American Marketing Association as following:
Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products, services or ideas through the various media. [2]
It is not difficult for us to find out four components of advertising from the explanation above.
First, advertising is directed to the general public rather than individuals.
Second, the information conveyed by advertising can be commercial or non-commercial. (Commercial advertising seeks profits, while noncommercial advertising sponsored by government or nonprofit organizations is used to publicize the organization, seek donations or call for some actions beneficial to society.)
Third, advertising reaches us through a channel of communication referred to as a medium, such as: TV, radio, newspapers, magazines and so on.
Fourth, any advertising is launched by identified sponsors or organizations with a given purpose, either commercial advertising or public interests advertising.
Indeed, advertising is the result of high degree of development of commodity economy. In order to make their goods sell well, tradesman and merchants tried every means to trigger the consumers to buy their products. Henry Sampson described the beginning of advertising in his work History of Advertising as below:
There is little about that the desire among tradesmen and merchants to make good their wares have an existence almost as long as the customs of buying and selling, and it is but natured to suppose that advertisements in some shape or form have existed not only from time immemorial, but almost for all time. [3]
Until now, with the rapid development of the world economy and the acceleration of globalization process, advertising has played a very important role in today’s business world. Advertising, with its persuasive function and taking action function, helps a business to create the products and corporate identities, not only realize the development of the business, but also increase the value of its goodwill, and win the confidence of the consumers.
2.2 Features of advertising language
Since the advertising aims at drawing attention from the public and leading them to some direction, and thus the language of advertising is language that is used in efforts to persuade or otherwise entice people to purchase products or services. Toffler in his Future Shock approaches the language of advertising as a language of finely engineered, ruthlessly, purposeful messages, intending to trigger a special response from the consumers. This point of view is echoed by linguist Peter Trudgill, who said, “The wording of advertisements is, in most cases, carefully crafted to meet particular ends. Sometimes it is intended to inform, but more often, and more importantly, to persuade and influence.” [4] David Ogilvy also said, “Every word in the copy must count, advertise what is unique.” [5]
In other words, the ultimate goal of advertising is to sell. Thus, advertisements must be presented with a type of language that is persuasive in nature, concise, vivid, visual, and with emotion and appeal, that is, the language of advertising conveys the most complicated meaning with the simplest language and is loaded with persuasive intentions for sales promotion or other purposes.
Look at an example: “Romantic, Mysterious, Italian”. Three adjectives are put together, concise and sprightly, giving expression to deep connotation. Another example “Big thrills, Small bills”. This is an advertisement sponsored by the taxi center. Anyone enjoys the excitement to the largest extent as long as paying the less money. The word “big” stands in total contrast to the word “small”, the end syllable of the word “thrills’ and “bills” remains same, which creates a sense of rhythm. The cases below also explain the ideas above well.
(1) Look again. A lifetime of perfect coordination. (CUSTOM EYES from Revlon)
(2) Let the New York Times find you.
benefit形容詞范文5
[關鍵詞]“自然現象法” “二分法” “數字法” a部 e部 i部 o部 l(u)部
一、巧記前綴
1.利用自然現象記前綴
1)空(aero-) 例如: areoplane , aerobat , aerobatic , aerobody
2)日(helio-) heliocentric , heliogram , helioscope
3) 月(lun-) lunar , Luna , luarian , lunary
4)星(astro-) astrophysics , astronaut , astrophere
5) 云(nepho-) nephrology , nephogram , nephometer , nephoscope
6) 雨(hyet-) hyetal , hyetogram ,hyetology , hyetometer
7) 水(hydr-) hydra , hydrability , hydrant ,hydrator
8) 土(geo-) geocentric , geopolitical , geobiology , geocenter
9) 生命(bio-) biophysics , bioactive , biobalonce , biobattery
10)生態(eco-) ecosystem , ecology , ecocide , ecoclimate
2.利用二分法巧記前綴
1)內(intro/intra/in-) income , introspect ,introvert , intraoffice ,intravenous
外(out/ex/a/extra-) outlaw , example, exceed , avoid , extraordinary
2)大(macro/mega/max-) macroanalysis , macroeconomics , megadose , maximize
小(micra/mini-) microanalysis , microeconomics , microscope , minimize
3)多(multi/poly-) multichannel , multicolor , polycentric , polyphony
少(單)(mono-) monocycle , monologue , monosyllable , monorail
4)好(bene-) benefactor , benefit , benediction , beneficent
壞(mal-) maladjustment , maladministration , maltreat
5)上(super/up-) superhigh , superman , upend , upland , upright
下(under/sub-) underdeveloped , underestimate , subconscious ,
6)同(homo-) homocentric , homonym , homosexual , homophone
異(hetero-) heterodox , heterosugar , heterotype ,heterosexual
7)共同(syn-) synchronism , syndicate , synonym , synecology
反對(anti-) anti-communist , antipathy , antartic , antonym
8)高(hyper-) hyperactive , hypercriticism , hyperinflation
低(hypo-) hypocrisy , hypotension , hypothesis , hypodermic
9) 整體(pan-) Pan-American , Pantheism , Pan-Hellenic , panacea
局部(quaxi-) quasi-contract , quasi-official , quasi-war ,
10)前(pro/pre-) proceed , proclaim , produce , predict , prejudice
后(post/step/with) postgraduate , postpone , stepfather , withdraw
3.利用數字巧記前綴
4)tri=three,threefold triangle , tricar , trichord
5)quadri/tetra=four quadrennial , quadresyllable , quadruped
6)penta,quinque=five pentachord , pentagon , pentarchy , quinquevalent,
7)sex/hexa=six sexennial , sexpartite(分成六部分的)
8)sept/hepta=seven septangle , septennial, septisyllable
9)octo/octa=eight octagon , October , octosyllable
10)ennea/nona=nine nonagon , ennaton(第九節) , enneagon
11)deca=ten decade , decagen , decalogue
12)hecto=hundred hectogram , hectometer, hectoliter
13)milli=thousand milligram(毫克) , millititer , millimeter
14)mega=million megabyte(字節) , megadeath , megawatt
二、巧記單詞后綴
1. a部后綴
1)― able(形,表易做……、能力、適合……的) available ,desirable ,changeable
2)― ade(名,表動作過程、狀態、結果) blockade ,cannonade ,escapade
3)― age(名,表集體、地位結果) marriage ,passage ,shortage , usage
4)― al(形,有……的性質) brutal ,mortal ,punctual ,federal
5)― al(名,把動詞變成抽象名詞) approval ,arrival ,betrayal ,survival
6)― ain(名,表人) captain ,chaplain ,villain
7)― ant(名,表人) servant ,assistant ,emigrant
8)― aire(名,表人) millionaire , billionaire
9)― an/ian/ean(名,表人) American ,German ,European
10)― ance/ancy(名,表行為、過程、性質狀態) appearance , attendance
11)― ar(名,人物) beggar ,burglar ,liar ,scholar
12)― ard/art (名,人物) coward ,drunkard ,steward ,braggart
13)― ary (名,從事……的人) functionary ,secretary ,missionary ,
14)― ate (名,人物) advocate ,candidate ,delegate ,pirate
15)― ate (形,具有……的性質、有……味道) accurate ,affectionate
a部人物多表示貧窮、低下、游走不定等,含有貶意色彩,例如: beggarburglarcowardservant等,但含有i的后綴例外,例如:millionaire billionaire;a部動詞轉化名詞的后綴,表動作的方向、方式、過程、狀態、結果等,例如:marriageapprovalarrivalattendance;a部形容詞表能力,具有……;a部副詞表方向、方式。
2.e部后綴
1)― ee (名,承受者) employee , examinee , devotee , trainee
2) ― eer(名,動作發出者) engineer , pioneer , engineer , volunteer
3) ― er(名,形、動) baker , customer , leader , gardener , wander
4) ― en(名,表人物) citizen , warden , heathen
5) ― en(形,同……有關) brazen , earthen , golden , wooden
6) ― en(動,使……) darken , fasten , sharpen , redden , threaten
7) ― ent(名,形) president , student , resident , oppoent , fluent
8) ― herd(名,表人) cowherd , shepherd
9) ― ese(名、形, 表人物) Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese ,Congolese
10) ― ess(名,表女性) actress , hostess , empres,eagless , lioness
11) ― ster(名,表人) gamester , gangster , trickster , minister
12) ― eur(名,表人) amateur, litterateur, restauranteur, farceur
13) ― ier(名,表人) financier , premier , cashier , soldier
14) ― ety(名,表狀態、性質) variety , propriety , sobriety
15) ― ery(名,表職業、場所) bakery , gallery , cookery , fishery
16) ― ence(名,表性質、狀態) difference , excellence , absence
17) ― ency(名,表性質、狀態) persistency , efficiency , fluency
18) ― el(名,表小) model , cupel , damsel , parcel
19) ― en(名,表小) chicken , maiden ,kitten , children , oxen
20) ― et(名,表小) islet , cabinet , circlet ,lionet
21) ― ette(名,表小、模仿) cigarette, novelette,gazette , kitchenette
22) ― ed(形,具有、充滿) aged , landed ,colored, beared,cultured
e部人物所從事的職業明確(一般表世俗,普通的職業)如:baker, warden ,cowherd restauranteur ;ster ,herd等結尾的名詞含有貶意色彩,例如:gangster ;ier等結尾的名詞含有褒意的色彩,例如premier financier等。
3.i部
1)― ia(名,表人事物) hysteria , militia , Australia , regalia ,insomnia
2)― iac (形、名,表有……特性的、有……病的) cardiac , insomniac
3)― ial (形、名,表有關……、有……性質) aerial , cordial ,facial
4) ― ian (形、名,表人物) Christian , Egyptian , Italian , musician
5) ― ible (形,可……的、能……的) edible , terrible , divisible ,horrible
6) ― ic (形、名,表與……有關的,……的) academic , atomic ,physic
7) ― ics (名,表學術) aerobatics , classics , ethics , physics
8) ― ical (形,表有關、……性的) chemical , musical , physical , surgical
9) ― ice (抽象名詞) avarice , justice , service , cowardice
10) ― id (形、名,有……性質的) acid , placid , rapid , solid , timid
11) ― ie (名,表小) birdie , bookie , cutie , auntie , doggie
12) ― ier (名,表專做某種工作的人) cashier , clothier , premier , soldier
13) ― ile (形,易……的,可……的) extensile , fertile , fragile , hostile
14) ― ine (形,名詞后綴) divine , riverine , doctrine , medicine , routine
15) ― ing (形,名詞) learning , teaching , sleeping , interesting
16) ― ion (名,表過程、狀態、結果) addition , civilization , protection
17) ― ior (形,表比較級) inferior , junior , senior , superior
18) ― ious (形,充滿……的) delicious , precious , religious , glorious
19) ― ise (名、動) treatise , practise
20) ― ish (形,如……的、似……的) bookish , childish , feverish , selfish
21) ― ism(名,表學說、主義、特性) communism , heroism , optimism
22) ― ist (名,表專業、專門人) pianist , geologist , tourist , moralist
23) ― ite (名,居民、后代、成員) Israelite , laborite , Darwinite
24) ― ium (名,表元素、地點等) aluminum , barium , magnesium
25) ― ive (形,名) captive , native , operative , exclusive , exhaustive
26) ― itude(名,表性質、狀態) altitude , apitude , fortitude , multitude
27) ― ity (名, 性質、狀態、程序) fixity , futurity , hospitality , hilarity
28) ― ize (動,使成……狀態、使……化) civilize , dramatize , generalize
29) ― in (名,表小) elfin , violin
30) ― ship (名,表身份、關系) friendship , hardship , leadership
i部后綴、多與科技、醫學、學說、主義等有關,比較專業化。
4.O 部
1)― o(名,表人事物) tornado , credo , stereo , studio
2) ― ock (名,表小) bullock , hillock , paddlock
3) ― on (名,表人物) champion , companion , matron , patron
4) ― oon (名,表增大或增強) cartoon , lampoon , balloon , saloon
5) ― or (名,表人物) ambassador, governor, inspector, professor
6) ― ory (名,表地方) dormitory , factory, laboratory, territory
7) ― ory (形,帶有……的性質) compulsory , contradictory, preparatory
8) ― ose (形,多……的、有……的) verbose , fructose, bellicose
9) ― our (抽象或集體名詞) favour , humour, odour, savour
10) ― ous (形,充滿……的) envious , furious, industrious , perilous
11) ― proof (形,防……的) airproof , bombproof , fireproof , rainproof
12) ― dom (名,地位、職位、領域、性質、集團) freedom , wisdom
13) ― hood (名,性質、狀態、階級、身份) boyhood , childhood , likelihood
14) ― mony (名,ment的變形) ceremony , harmony , matrimony
15) ― fold (名,倍數) manifold , twofold , tenfold
16)― most (形,表最高級) almost , foremost , utmost , foremost
17) ― long (副,表方向) headlong , sidelong
18) ― some (形,有……傾向、易……的) darksome , gladsome , lonesome
o部的職業、多受人尊敬,例如: ambassor , governor , professor , inspector;o部形容詞一般表有某種受好傾向。
5.l(u)部
1)cle (名,小個體、個別) article , icicle , particle
2)el/le (名,小) model , vessel , bottle
3)le.(動,表反復) chuckle , sparkle , startcle
4)let (名,小) booklet , bullet , cutlet
5)ling(名,小) darling , duckling , seedling
6)ule(名,小) corpuscle , globule , granule
7)ful.(形,充滿) dreadful , fruitful , regretful
8)less(形,沒有) aimless , groundless , helpless
9)ly(形,副)costly , friendly , absolutely
l部多表小,有無,有關等。
參考文獻:
[1]劉毅.英文字根字典[M].外文出版社,1999.1.
[2]張明勤,李恒敏.英語單詞記憶捷徑[M].上海外語教育出版社,2006.3.
[3]吉恩費蘭克,相永.英文字根詞典[M].世界知識出版社,2005.10.
[4]霍恩比.牛津高階英漢雙解詞典[M].商務印書館.牛津大學出版社,1997.7.
[5]劉毅.英文字根字典[M].外文出版社,1999,1.
[6]邢方亮,孫蓓.十天背會大學英語四級詞匯[M].中國科技大學出版社,2003.
benefit形容詞范文6
關鍵詞:詞典 語法功能 語境
詞匯是語言體系中結構和意義的統一體,是語言的主要的基本單位。沒有建筑材料就不能蓋房子,同樣,沒有詞匯的交際也是不可想象的。我國英語學習者,尤其是職業院校英語學習者,雖然非常重視英語詞匯學習,但詞匯一直是他們的難項和弱項。
下面筆者根據理論并結合自己的教學實踐,主要從如何利用詞典、重視詞的語法功能、在閱讀中學習詞匯等方面介紹高職學生詞匯學習的方法:
一.把詞典當成走向自主學習的通行證
在高職學習階段,學生英語學習的主要目標之一就是在老師的幫助下,形成獨立的自學能力。因此,英語詞典就顯得尤其重要。
學生如果不借助于詞典,培養一定的自學能力是難以學好的。那么,我們如何去有效地使用詞典學習詞匯呢?建議同學們在打開詞典之前,不妨從以下幾個步驟著手:
1.思考一下含生詞的句子,在不知道該詞意思的情況下,我們對該句子還能理解多少?
2.觀察該生詞,它屬于哪種詞性?名詞?動詞?亦或是形容詞?
3.考慮一下該詞在句子中那種詞性的可能的涵義。如果是一個名詞,它也許表示某物?某人?還是某種觀念?是好事還是壞事?
比如,假設在閱讀中你不認識句子中的reword,“One of the rewords that space travelers receive is the beautiful view of the planet on which we live.”當你對這個句子思考之后,你會知道此處reword應是一個名詞。因為它在定冠詞the之后。由此句又得知reword是一個可接收的事物,而且一定是個好的事物。因為這里的beautiful view被稱作reword。
經過這番思考,你一定猜出個七不離八了,當你這樣對整個句子經過認真思考后,你也許會覺得已經沒有必要再查找這個生詞了。如果該詞是一個常用的基本詞匯,那么,在下文中一定還會出現,當它再次出現時,你對其涵義的理解也一定會越來越清楚。當你還不能確定它的意思,打開詞典結合句子的內容和詞典中的例句“He will respect some reword after working so hard.”從眾多詞條中挑選一個,就顯得很容易了。
二.關注詞典中詞匯的多個語法功能的現象
有意識地注意到英語詞匯在不同句子中具有不同的語法功能,同樣有助于擴大我們的詞匯量。舉個簡單的例子:hand,它不僅可以當名詞來使用,如:left hand,right hand 還可以用作動詞:Please hand me your notebook。在英語語言學上稱之為“功能切換(functional shift)”因此,我們應該留意英語的這一特征。通常用作名詞的詞,有時也用作動詞,如:hand,face.再如:“This is one of the benefits which result from space travel.”顯然,幾個黑體字benefits, space, travel在這里是名詞,在其它語境中它們也可用作動詞:“to benefit from something, to space words on a page, to travel somewhere ”而例句中的result在這里是一個動詞,但在其它語境中通常當名詞來使用。因此,我們應經常思考這樣的問題,哪些詞匯在這里是名詞,在不改變詞形的情況下,在別的語境中又當作動詞來使用?例如:“That’s my hope.”和“I hope so.”
當然,英語也象其它語言一樣,具有詞尾的變化,不同的詞尾標志著不同的語法功能。學過了allow, accept, appear,就應該了解allowance,acceptance,appearance, 等后綴為-ance的相應的名詞,以后有機會時再總結象:encourage, enjoy, announce,與 encouragement, enjoyment, announcement;connect, inspect,combine, repeat 與connection,inspection,combination,repetition后綴為-ment,-tion之間的關系。這樣做無疑會擴大我們的詞匯量。
三.借助詞典在閱讀中根據語境學習詞匯